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Emerging complexity of layer I in human cerebral cortex.

Sonja Rakic1, Nada Zecevic

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|September 12, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Human cortical layer I neurons have complex origins and migration routes, differing from rodents. Some originate in the ganglionic eminence, while others arise from the cortical ventricular zone, subventricular zone, and subpial granular layer.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The development of human cortical layers, particularly layer I, involves intricate cellular migration and origin.
  • Understanding neuronal origins is crucial for deciphering cortical development and potential disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origins and migratory pathways of human cortical neurons, focusing on Cajal-Retzius cells and interneurons in layer I.
  • To compare human cortical neuron development with that observed in rodent models.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of embryonic and fetal human brain tissue (17-22 gestational weeks).
  • Immunohistochemical labeling for neuronal markers (e.g., GABA, calretinin, calbindin) and transcription factors (e.g., Nkx2.1, Dlx2).
  • Examination of cell morphology, orientation, and co-expression patterns.

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Main Results:

  • Human cortical layer I contains heterogeneous interneurons with diverse origins, including the ganglionic eminence, cortical ventricular zone, subventricular zone, and subpial granular layer.
  • Unlike rodents, a significant subpopulation of GABAergic, Nkx2.1+, and Dlx+ neurons originate in the human cortical ventricular zone.
  • Cajal-Retzius cells in humans may have varied origins, suggested by Reelin expression and co-localization with DLX2+ cells in the ganglionic eminence and olfactory regions.

Conclusions:

  • Human cortical layer I neurons exhibit more complex origins and migratory routes than previously understood in rodents.
  • Multiple germinal zones, including the ganglionic eminence, subventricular zone, and subpial granular layer, contribute to the neuronal population of developing human layer I and the cortical plate.