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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
08:18

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

Published on: June 12, 2016

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target.

Wen-ying Chen1

  • 1Energy, Environment and Economy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. wenying@inet.tsinghua.edu.cn

Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)
|September 17, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Emission projections and marginal abatement cost curves (MACs) are key for carbon markets. Achieving the Kyoto target requires significant emission reductions, with costs varying greatly depending on US participation and flexible mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Economics
  • Climate Policy Analysis
  • Energy Systems Modeling

Background:

  • Emission projections and marginal abatement cost curves (MACs) are critical for evaluating carbon market mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
  • These projections are influenced by complex, dynamic systems including population growth, economic development, resource availability, and technological advancements.
  • Understanding these drivers is essential for accurate climate policy assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize modeling approaches for emission projection and MAC evaluation.
  • To compare major models and their results in climate change mitigation.
  • To estimate reduction and cost requirements for achieving the Kyoto Protocol target.

Main Methods:

  • Review and summarization of existing modeling approaches for emission projections and MACs.
  • Comparative analysis of major climate change mitigation models and their outputs.
  • Estimation of carbon reduction needs and associated costs under different scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Annex I Parties' emission reduction requirements range from 503-1304 MtC with US participation, decreasing to 140-612 MtC without the US.
  • Total costs for mitigation range from 21-77 billion USD with the US and 5-36 billion USD without the US, considering only domestic actions.
  • Incorporating Kyoto Protocol flexible mechanisms significantly reduces costs, with domestic actions comprising only 0-16% of mitigation strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The participation of the USA significantly impacts emission reduction targets and mitigation costs.
  • Flexible mechanisms within the Kyoto Protocol are crucial for cost-effective climate change mitigation.
  • Accurate emission projections and MACs are fundamental for effective carbon market design and policy implementation.