NAD+ ameliorates inflammation-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction in cultured enterocytes and mouse ileal mucosa

In the course of other experiments, we serendipitously observed that extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) ameliorated the development of epithelial hyperpermeability when monolayers of Caco-2 enterocyte-like cells were incubated with cytomix, a mixture containing interferon-gamma, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. We sought to characterize the effects of NAD+ on inflammation-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction using Caco-2 monolayers that were exposed to cytomix in the absence or presence of NAD+ or other purine-containing molecules. Paracellular barrier function measured as the apical-to-basolateral passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran (mol. wt. approximately 4000) was preserved in a concentration-dependent manner when immunostimulated Caco-2 cells were exposed to extracellular NAD+. Incubation with NAD+ prevented cytomix-induced derangements in the expression and localization of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 in Caco-2 cells. Treatment of cytomix-stimulated cells with NAD+ also blocked nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, inducible nitric-oxide synthase induction, and increased production of nitric oxide (NO.). Ileal mucosal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran mol. wt. approximately 4000 was increased in mice 18 h after lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) injection, but treatment of endotoxemic mice with NAD+ ameliorated the development of gut mucosal hyperpermeability. Thus, extracellular NAD+ seems to ameliorate inflammation-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation and increased NO. production.