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Xenopus Gastrulation without a blastocoel roof.

R Keller1, S Jansa

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|November 1, 1992
PubMed
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The involuting marginal zone (IMZ) of Xenopus laevis can close the blastopore and form axial mesoderm independently. However, the animal cap (AC) and noninvoluting marginal zone (NIMZ) provide crucial support for axis extension and tissue organization during gastrulation.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Embryology
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Gastrulation in Xenopus laevis involves complex morphogenetic movements.
  • Five major regional processes contribute to gastrulation: epiboly, mesoderm migration, convergence and extension of NIMZ and IMZ, and bottle cell formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the specific functions of five major regional morphogenetic processes in Xenopus laevis gastrulation.
  • To elucidate the roles of the animal cap (AC), noninvoluting marginal zone (NIMZ), and involuting marginal zone (IMZ) in embryonic development.

Main Methods:

  • Surgical removal of the AC and NIMZ to isolate the effects of the IMZ.
  • Observation and analysis of gastrulation movements and tissue formation in manipulated embryos.
  • Comparative analysis of axis formation with and without specific embryonic structures.

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Main Results:

  • The IMZ alone can perform involution and blastopore closure, forming axial mesoderm (notochord, somites), though often imperfectly.
  • The AC and NIMZ are essential for proper axis extension, preventing tissue sinking, and guiding mesoderm migration.
  • The NIMZ, in conjunction with the IMZ, forms a more robust and straighter embryonic axis.

Conclusions:

  • IMZ involution and blastopore closure can occur independently of epiboly and NIMZ/AC convergence and extension.
  • The AC-NIMZ acts as a critical substratum influencing IMZ extension direction and bottle cell function.
  • Dorsal axial and paraxial mesoderm (formed by NIMZ and IMZ) provide a structural "skeleton" for embryonic organization.