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Relationships among the FMRFamide-like peptides.

M J Greenberg¹, D A Price

¹Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, St. Augustine 32086-8623.

Progress in Brain Research

|January 1, 1992

Summary

The nuclear family of peptides, FaRPs (FMRFamide-related peptides), is found in protostome invertebrates. The broader superfamily of FaRPs, however, is present across all animal phyla, suggesting ancient origins and diverse functions.

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Evolutionary Biology
Invertebrate Zoology

Background:

The FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) nuclear family is primarily identified in protostome invertebrates like mollusks, arthropods, annelids, and nematodes.
The evolutionary origins and full taxonomic range of the FaRPs family remain incompletely understood, with homologs not yet confirmed in flatworms and related phyla largely unexamined.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the distribution and evolutionary history of the FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) family across diverse animal phyla.
To explore the potential functional significance of the conserved penultimate Arginine residue in FaRPs.

Main Methods:

Comparative sequence analysis of peptides across various invertebrate and vertebrate phyla.
Review of existing literature on FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) and their homologs.
Phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary relationships of FaRPs.

Main Results:

The nuclear FaRPs family appears restricted to protostome invertebrates.
An extended superfamily of FaRPs, characterized by a penultimate Arg and a C-terminal amidated hydrophobic residue, is found in all examined phyla.
The penultimate Arginine residue may confer protection against deamidating peptidases.

Conclusions:

The broad distribution of the extended FaRPs superfamily suggests an ancient origin and conserved biological roles.
The restricted distribution of the nuclear FaRPs family highlights evolutionary divergence within this peptide group.
Conserved receptor binding or protection against enzymatic degradation are potential selective advantages for FaRPs.

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