Regulatory mechanisms in melatonin biosynthesis in retina

The vertebrate retina produces melatonin in a light-dependent rhythmic fashion, synchronized with, but independent from the rhythm of the hormone formation in the pineal gland. This review summarizes the current status of our knowledge on regulatory mechanisms involved in controlling the retinal melatonin biosynthesis. Special emphasis is given to the role and mode of action of dopamine and GABA, two established retinal neurotransmitters, as well as that of second messengers (cyclic AMP, calcium ions). Comparisons are made between lower vertebrates and mammals.