The pineal gland and spontaneous abortions: implications for therapy with melatonin and magnetic field

Spontaneous abortion, the termination of pregnancy prior to 20 weeks of gestation, is estimated to occur in 40%-50% of all pregnancies and in 12%-15% of identified pregnancies. The causes of spontaneous abortion can be divided into two main categories: those arising from chromosomal anomalies and those arising from abnormalities in the intrauterine environment. In the following communication, we propose that deficient pineal melatonin functions in early pregnancy may be causally related to the development of spontaneous abortions in cases where chromosomal anomalies or structural abnormalities of the uterus have been excluded. This hypothesis is based on the findings that: (a) melatonin plasma levels normally increase by 200%-300% in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy; (b) melatonin decreases uterine contractility in the rat; (c) melatonin stimulates the secretion of progesterone, which decreases uterine contractility and prevents immunological rejection of the trophoblast; (d) melatonin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are potent inducers of uterine contractility and labor, and (e) pinealectomy increases the number of spontaneous abortions in pregnant rats. In addition, since melatonin is a hormone with immunosuppressant properties, we propose that the increased melatonin production in early pregnancy may contribute to a state of "transplantation immunity" to the paternal histocompatibility antigens preventing immunological rejection of the trophoblast. If this hypothesis is correct, then plasma melatonin, levels during early pregnancy could be used as an indicator for increased risk of spontaneous abortions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)