Transgenic mice that develop pituitary tumors. A model for Cushing's disease

Transgenic mice that developed adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing pituitary tumors were generated with the polyoma early region promotor linked to a cDNA encoding polyoma large T antigen (PyLT). Light microscopic examination of the pituitaries showed normal morphology at 4 months of age, either unremarkable morphology or microadenoma formation at 9 months of age, and up to 5 mm large adenomas in clinically ill transgenic mice at 13-16 months of age. At age 9 months, transgenic mice weighed significantly more than corresponding control mice, but they began wasting at approximately 1 year of age. The adrenal glands of these older PyLT-1 mice showed a weight increase and exhibited a medullary hyperplasia. Subcutaneous transplants of transgenic pituitary tumors to nontransgenic, immunocompetent mice resulted in tumors with a morphology and ACTH immunoreactivity similar to the primary tumor. The effects of hypercorticotropism were more enhanced and occurred with a shorter latency in the mice carrying transgene pituitary transplants than in the PyLT-1 transgenic mice themselves. Moreover, these transplanted mice showed a weight increase with an axial deposition pattern and hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex that resembled the findings in human Cushing's disease. Plasma ACTH levels were significantly increased in clinically ill transgenic mice and even higher levels were found in the transplant mice. Thus, both murine models should be useful for studying Cushing's disease.