Boundaries and structure of human cytomegalovirus oriLyt, a complex origin for lytic-phase DNA replication

We have localized a cis-acting sequence that promotes initiation of lytic-phase DNA replication (oriLyt) within the HindIII D fragment of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) AD169 genome and investigated its sequence requirements by testing the ability of plasmid constructs to mediate DNA replication in a transient transfection-plus-infection assay. Replication of plasmids containing HCMV oriLyt required at least the virus-specified DNA polymerase activity supplied by HCMV infection of transfected cells and was autonomous in that it did not result from recombination with the virus genome. Progeny molecules in the transient assay were high-molecular-weight tandem oligomers, which is consistent with predictions of a rolling-circle model. Experiments testing subclones of HindIII-D defined a core 2.4-kbp region containing elements required for oriLyt function that extended rightward from around 1.0 kbp upstream of UL57 near the middle of the long unique component of the virus genome. Sequences flanking this core also were needed for full activity. The defined region contains at least four clustered sets of repeated sequence elements identical to or candidate counterparts of elements present in the corresponding cytomegalovirus Colburn lytic-phase replication origin. These elements are novel in that they apparently do not correspond to previously characterized motifs. Also present are multiple copies of elements similar to known binding sites for the transcription factors ATF/CREB, MLTF/USF, and Sp1. Preliminary deletion analysis suggests that multiple components within the boundaries of oriLyt cooperate to enable initiation of HCMV lytic-phase DNA synthesis.