Structure, functions, and mechanisms of substance P receptor action

Substance P is a member of a family of structurally related peptides, called tachykinins, that are involved in the regulation of many biologic processes. Diversity in the generation of multiple tachykinin peptides arises due to multiple genes encoding these peptides as well as by mechanisms of alternative RNA processing and differential posttranslational processing. The multiple peptides are neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulator substances, and they bring about their actions mainly by activating three primary types of receptors, NK-1, NK-2, and NK-3. The pharmacology and tissue locations of these receptor sites are discussed, as is their involvement in certain biologic responses. These three receptor sites have been molecularly characterized by cDNA cloning and functional expression, and all are members of the superfamily of receptors coupled to G-regulatory proteins. Second messenger systems established to be activated by tachykinin receptor stimulation include the hydrolysis of inositol containing phospholipids by a phospholipase C mechanism. The role of substance P in neurogenic inflammation and plasma extravasation is briefly discussed. The generation of new research tools recently in the tachykinin field should allow for a detailed examination of the mechanisms of peptide action, including a focus on receptor structure-function relations and regulation of receptor sensitivity.