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Developments in avian leukosis research.

L N Payne1

  • 1AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntington, Cambs, England.

Leukemia
|January 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary
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Avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) cause significant economic losses in chickens. Research focuses on controlling ALV through eradication schemes, genetic resistance, and vaccines to mitigate neoplastic diseases and performance issues.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Poultry Science
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Exogenous avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) lead to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry due to neoplastic mortality and reduced chicken performance.
  • Subgroup A ALVs are prevalent, causing lymphoid leukosis, but emerging variants and novel subgroups (e.g., causing myeloid leukosis and nephromas) present ongoing challenges.
  • Epidemic outbreaks of haemangiosarcomas linked to highly cytopathogenic ALVs have been reported in specific regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding natural avian leukosis virus infections in chickens.
  • To discuss current strategies and future directions for controlling ALV, including eradication, genetic resistance, and vaccination.
  • To examine the influence of endogenous leukosis virus (ev) loci on susceptibility to exogenous ALVs and the efficacy of control measures.

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Main Methods:

  • Literature review of research on avian leukosis virus (ALV) infection and control.
  • Analysis of field data on ALV prevalence, variant emergence, and disease outbreaks.
  • Evaluation of the impact of endogenous viral loci (ev loci) on host response and eradication scheme success.

Main Results:

  • Virus eradication schemes preventing vertical transmission are the primary method for controlling ALV in commercial poultry.
  • Endogenous leukosis virus loci (ev loci), particularly ev21, negatively affect responses to exogenous ALVs and hinder eradication efforts due to their tolerogenic properties.
  • Emerging ALV variants and novel subgroups pose new threats, necessitating continuous monitoring and adaptation of control strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Effective control of avian leukosis virus (ALV) relies on integrated strategies, including robust eradication programs and genetic approaches.
  • Understanding the complex interplay between endogenous and exogenous ALVs is crucial for improving disease resistance and control efficacy.
  • Advancements in transgenic technology and vaccine development offer promising avenues for enhancing genetic resistance and protecting poultry flocks from ALV-induced diseases.