Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 8, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
Published on: June 21, 2016
Retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors: ligand-regulated transcription factors as proto-oncogenes
1Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis 95616.
Abstract:
The retroviral v-erb A locus is derived from a cellular gene, c-erb A, encoding a thyroid hormone receptor. The v-erb A and c-erb A proteins are, in turn, members of a larger family of structurally and functionally interrelated polypeptides that includes the steroid, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3 receptors. These nuclear hormone receptors act by binding to specific sites on the cell genome and, in response to cognate hormone, modulating the transcription of adjacent 'target' genes. The expression, properties, and mechanisms of action of the thyroid hormone receptors (c-erb A proteins) and the closely related retinoic acid receptors are discussed.
Related Concept Videos
Intracellular Hormone Receptors
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:

