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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Adenoviruses from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, including two strains that represent new candidate serotypes Ad50 and Ad51 of species B1 and D, respectively.

Journal of clinical microbiology·1999
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Adenovirus types 2, 8, and 37 associated with genital infections in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic.

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Comparison of monoclonal biotin-avidin enzyme immunoassay and monoclonal time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in detection of respiratory virus antigens.

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Neonatal pulmonary insufficiency caused by adenovirus infection successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

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Antigen detection in human respiratory Coronavirus infections by monoclonal time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay.

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Subgrouping of respiratory syncytial virus strains from Australia and Papua New Guinea by biological and antigenic characteristics.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Combined Genetic and Chemical Capsid Modifications of Adenovirus-Based Gene Transfer Vectors for Shielding and Targeting
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Combined Genetic and Chemical Capsid Modifications of Adenovirus-Based Gene Transfer Vectors for Shielding and Targeting

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Adenoviruses in the immunocompromised host.

J C Hierholzer1

  • 1Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|July 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Adenovirus infections pose severe risks to immunocompromised individuals, including transplant recipients and those with HIV/AIDS. These infections have a high fatality rate, with limited effective treatments available.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Adenoviruses are significant opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised populations.
  • Infections can be disseminated, severe, and have high mortality rates.
  • Serotype prevalence varies by patient age and immunosuppression type.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review over 300 cases of adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients.
  • To analyze the association between adenovirus serotypes, patient demographics, and outcomes.
  • To assess the case fatality rates across different immunocompromised groups.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients.
  • Analysis of adenovirus serotypes based on patient subgroups (congenital immunodeficiency, transplant recipients, HIV/AIDS patients).

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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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  • Correlation of serotypes with clinical presentation, organ involvement, and mortality.

    • Main Results:

    • Overall case fatality rate of 48% in reviewed adenovirus infections.
    • Specific serotypes and subgenera are linked to distinct patient groups and clinical manifestations.
    • Transplant recipients have an 11% infection rate with high fatality (18-60%).
    • AIDS patients experience diverse serotypes with a 45% mortality within 2 months for active infections.

    Conclusions:

    • Adenovirus infections represent a critical threat in immunocompromised individuals, often leading to fatal outcomes.
    • Serotype-specific patterns observed in different immunocompromised groups highlight distinct epidemiological features.
    • Current treatments for adenovirus infections have limited efficacy, necessitating further research into novel therapeutic strategies.