Cyclic AMP and the regulation of cholesterol metabolism

Cyclic AMP has been implicated to a greater or lesser extent in the regulation of four key enzymes which interact to regulate intracellular cholesterol metabolism; HMG CoA reductase; ACAT; cholesteryl ester hydrolase; and cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase. The relationship between these enzymes and the sites where current evidence suggests that cyclic AMP may be involved are summarized in Fig. 3. Cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase controls the catabolism of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver, and thus its removal from the body via the bile, but does not have a major role in cholesterol metabolism in extrahepatic tissues. It is clear that cyclic AMP is able to influence the activity of this enzyme in liver sub-cellular fractions and isolated hepatocytes in vitro, and studies in our laboratory have shown that changes in Ca2+ fluxes within the cell may be important in its mechanism of action. Whether or not the cyclic nucleotide has a role regulating cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase activity in vivo, however, is not known. HMG CoA reductase is inactivated by phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo, but although cyclic AMP and glucagon have been shown to inhibit the enzyme, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase is not directly involved. The exact mechanism by which the cyclic nucleotide influences the system remains unclear, but it may be related to activation of microsomal phosphatases. The activity of ACAT has been shown to be modulated by phosphorylation in a number of tissues in vitro, but the involvement of cyclic AMP has not been unequivocally demonstrated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)