Nonautonomous transposable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Defective (nonautonomous) copies of transposable elements are relatively common in the genomes of eukaryotes but less common in the genomes of prokaryotes. With regard to transposable elements that exist exclusively in the form of DNA (nonretroviral transposable elements), nonautonomous elements may play a role in the regulation of transposition. In prokaryotes, plasmid-mediated horizontal transmission probably imposes a selection against nonautonomous elements, since nonautonomous elements are incapable of mobilizing themselves. The lower relative frequency of nonautonomous elements in prokaryotes may also reflect the coupling of transcription and translation, which may bias toward the cis activation of transposition. The cis bias we suggest need not be absolute in order to militate against the long-term maintenance of prokaryotic elements unable to transpose on their own. Furthermore, any cis bias in transposition would also decrease the opportunity for trans repression of transposition by nonautonomous elements.