V-region-related and -unrelated immunosuppression accompanying infections

This paper discusses current evidence for the relationship between polyclonal lymphocyte activation, specific immunosuppression with decreased resistance, and autoimmune pathology, that are all often found associated with infections by a variety of virus, bacteria and parasites. The central question of class determination of immune effector activities is considered in the context of the cellular targets for nonspecific mitogenic activities associated with infection. A model is presented to integrate these findings: mitogens produced by the microorganism or the infected cells are preferentially active on CD5 B cells; the resulting over-production of IL-10 will tend to bias all immune activities into a Th2-mode of effector functions, with high titers of polyclonal antibodies and little or no production of gamma IFN and other "inflammatory" lymphokines that often mediate resistance. In turn, these conditions allow for parasite persistence and the corresponding long-term disregulation of self-directed immune reactivities, resulting in autoimmunity in the chronic phase. This model would predict that selective immunization with the mitogenic principles involved in deregulation, could stand better chances than strategies of vaccination based on immunopotentiation against other, functionally neutral antigenic epitopes. It is argued, however, that the complexity of immune responses and their regulation, together with our ignorance on the genetic controls of class-determination, offer poor prospects for a scientifically-based, rational development of vaccines in the near future. It is suggested that empirically-based and technologically developed vaccines might succeed, while basic scientific approaches are reinforced and given the time to provide a better understanding of those processes.