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Related Concept Videos

DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System
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Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System

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Structure and assembly of phage phi29.

E Viñuela, A Camacho, F Jiménez

    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
    |November 30, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Bacteriophage phi29, a virus with complex structure, has eighteen genes. Five specific genes are essential for normal capsid shape, with protein pJ potentially acting as a scaffolding protein.

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    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Structural Biology

    Background:

    • Bacteriophage phi29 is a small, morphologically complex virus.
    • Its DNA has a molecular mass of 12 x 10^6.
    • The head structure is proposed to involve T=1 icosahedral symmetry with end-caps and hexamers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To map the eighteen genes of the bacteriophage phi29 genome.
    • To identify gene products and their functions.
    • To investigate the role of specific genes and proteins in capsid formation.

    Main Methods:

    • Gene mapping of the phi29 genome.
    • Identification of gene products.
    • Analysis of mutations in phi29 genes to determine their effects.

    Main Results:

    • Eighteen genes in the phi29 genome have been mapped.
    • Four genes (G, A, E, H) code for structural proteins, and one gene (J) codes for a non-structural protein.
    • Five linked genes are essential for normal capsid shape, with protein pJ suggested as a scaffolding protein.

    Conclusions:

    • The study elucidates the genetic organization of bacteriophage phi29.
    • Identifies key genes and proteins critical for viral capsid morphogenesis.
    • Provides insights into the structural assembly of bacteriophage phi29.