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Simian malaria in Brazil.

L M Deane1

  • 1Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
|January 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Simian malaria, caused by Plasmodium brasilianum and P. simium, is prevalent in Brazilian primates, particularly in the Amazon and coastal regions. Accidental human infection by P. simium occurred, suggesting potential zoonotic malaria in the Amazon.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Parasitology
  • Tropical Medicine
  • Primate Health

Background:

  • Simian malaria is widespread in Brazil, with high infection rates in primates in the Amazon and coastal regions.
  • Two Plasmodium species, P. brasilianum and P. simium, are identified in Brazilian primates, primarily monkeys of the Cebidae family.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and distribution of simian malaria in Brazil.
  • To identify Plasmodium species, host species, and vectors involved in simian malaria.
  • To explore the potential zoonotic implications of simian malaria in human populations.

Main Methods:

  • Field surveys to assess primate infection rates.
  • Plasmodium species identification through parasitological methods.
  • Vector identification using entomological surveys.
  • Serological studies to detect antibodies in human populations.

Main Results:

  • High prevalence of simian malaria in Amazon (10%) and Southeastern/Southern coastal regions (35%, 18%).
  • P. brasilianum found in all foci; P. simium restricted to Southeastern/Southern coasts.
  • Anopheles cruzi identified as a vector in Southeastern/Southern regions; vector in Amazon not confirmed.
  • One accidental human P. simium infection documented.
  • High P. brasilianum/P. malariae antibody positivity in Amazonian indigenous populations suggests possible zoonosis.

Conclusions:

  • Simian malaria is enzootic in Brazil, with distinct Plasmodium species and vector distributions.
  • While human malaria is eradicated in the Southeast/South despite high simian infection rates, potential zoonotic malaria transmission exists in the Amazon.
  • Further research is needed to confirm simian malaria's role in human infections in the Amazon.

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