Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs01:02

Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs

Prescription drugs require a prescription from a medical practitioner and can only be obtained from a pharmacy. They have many applications, including treating pain, anxiety, and hypertension.
The misuse and addiction to prescription drugs is a growing problem that can affect people of all age groups, specifically teenagers. This can happen when prescription medications are used in ways not intended by the prescriber, such as taking someone else's prescription or using medication for...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

What inhibits obstetricians implementing reliable guidelines?

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2020
Same author

Vertebroplasty: Expectation or Evidence-Based Interventional Radiology?

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology·2018
Same author

Lesbian and bisexual women's likelihood of becoming pregnant: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2016
Same author

Lesbian and bisexual women's gynaecological conditions: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2016
Same author

How should we honour and memorialise the experimental subjects who gave their hopes and lives to the development of in vitro fertilisation in Britain in the 1970s?

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2016
Same author

Innovation in immediate neonatal care: development of the Bedside Assessment, Stabilisation and Initial Cardiorespiratory Support (BASICS) trolley.

BMJ innovations·2015
Same journal

Convergence of metabolic risk in obesity and normal BMI: does risk disappear?

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same journal

Metabolic traits in obesity and normal BMI in industrialised countries: a multi-country analysis of national population-based studies.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same journal

Safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines: a mechanistic and public health perspective.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same journal

The US Ebola response and the future of global health leadership.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same journal

Daniel Mason: a tale of change.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same journal

The 2026 Wakley-Wu Lien Teh Prize Essay: why medicine, and why stay?

Lancet (London, England)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Preparation of Herbal Medicine: Er-Xian Decoction and Er-Xian-containing Serum for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments
08:07

Preparation of Herbal Medicine: Er-Xian Decoction and Er-Xian-containing Serum for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

Published on: May 31, 2017

Drug dependence with oestrogen replacement therapy.

S Bewley1, T H Bewley

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Hospital, London, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|February 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) dependence may occur, as oestrogens are psychoactive and can cause tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. This challenges the understanding of HRT

More Related Videos

Medicated Thread Moxibustion Therapy of Zhuang Medicine and its Application in a Rat Model of Cold-Congealing Syndrome of Primary Dysmenorrhea
04:35

Medicated Thread Moxibustion Therapy of Zhuang Medicine and its Application in a Rat Model of Cold-Congealing Syndrome of Primary Dysmenorrhea

Published on: January 19, 2024

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
07:20

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Preparation of Herbal Medicine: Er-Xian Decoction and Er-Xian-containing Serum for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments
08:07

Preparation of Herbal Medicine: Er-Xian Decoction and Er-Xian-containing Serum for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

Published on: May 31, 2017

Medicated Thread Moxibustion Therapy of Zhuang Medicine and its Application in a Rat Model of Cold-Congealing Syndrome of Primary Dysmenorrhea
04:35

Medicated Thread Moxibustion Therapy of Zhuang Medicine and its Application in a Rat Model of Cold-Congealing Syndrome of Primary Dysmenorrhea

Published on: January 19, 2024

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
07:20

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use has increased in recent decades.
  • Indications and risk/benefit profiles for HRT remain subjects of ongoing debate.
  • Oestrogens possess psychoactive properties, influencing mood and psychological states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and explore the concept of dependence on hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
  • To investigate the potential for tolerance and withdrawal symptoms associated with oestrogen therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oestrogen effects and drug dependence.
  • Analysis of reported cases of supraphysiological oestradiol concentrations.
  • Theoretical framework development for HRT dependence.

Main Results:

  • Oestrogens are psychoactive, with mood-lifting and psychological effects.
  • Supraphysiological oestradiol levels may indicate tolerance and withdrawal.
  • Dependence on naturally occurring substances has been previously documented.

Conclusions:

  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) dependence is a plausible phenomenon.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms and clinical implications of HRT dependence.