CD4+ Th2 response induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs develops rapidly, through an early, transient, Th0-like stage

Data from recent studies of murine schistosomiasis mansoni have indicated that certain characteristics of this infection, such as eosinophilia and elevated IgE, are due largely to the induction of Th2-like immune responses by parasite ova. The present study was designed to examine more closely the genesis and development of these skewed Th responses to schistosome eggs. Accordingly, eggs isolated from infected mice were injected s.c. into normal mice. After inoculation, draining lymph node (LN) cells were recovered, phenotyped, and tested for their ability to proliferate and secrete IL-2 and IFN-gamma (as markers of Th1 function) and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 (Th2 cytokines). The results show a maximal LN enlargement of 40- to 100-fold by day 3 after egg inoculation. The CD4/CD8/B cell ratio at this time is similar to that in LN from normal mice, but increases in numbers of cells expressing very low levels of MEL-14 and high levels of Pgp-1 are evident by days 3 and 10, respectively. Surprisingly, the initial detectable Ag-specific response to schistosome eggs, observed at day 1, is the production of IFN-gamma. By day 3, LN cells are capable of proliferating and making IFN-gamma plus IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 when stimulated with soluble egg Ag and, therefore, appear Th0-like. After 7 to 10 days, IFN-gamma production is severely depressed but the response continues to be characterized by IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-2. Depletion studies indicate that CD4 cells are the major population responsible for Ag-mediated proliferation and cytokine production. Results show that schistosome eggs are autonomous inducers of vigorous Th2-like effector responses. Further, our data, from a system that utilizes an in vivo priming step, support the contentions that skewed Th responses develop via an intermediate Th0 stage is accompanied by a loss of the MEL-14 surface marker and an increase in Pgp-1 expression.