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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

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Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation
12:11

Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation

Published on: May 20, 2018

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in dogs.

S Tsuchida1, S Ikemoto

  • 1Department of Legal Medicine and Human Genetics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan.

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
|June 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis in 20 dogs revealed genetic diversity using specific restriction enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated at least two distinct mtDNA clusters, highlighting canine genetic variation.

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Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Zoology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is crucial for understanding genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships in animal populations.
  • Restriction enzyme analysis provides a method to detect variations in mtDNA sequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism in mongrel dogs.
  • To assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among the studied canine population.

Main Methods:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted from 20 mongrel dogs.
  • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed using 14 different restriction enzymes.
  • Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on genetic distances derived from the restriction patterns.

Main Results:

  • Polymorphism was detected in cleavage patterns for Apa I, EcoR I, EcoR V, Hinc II, and Sty I, identifying multiple morphs.
  • No polymorphism was observed with BamH I, Bgl II, Hae II, Hind III, Pst I, Sca I, Stu I, and Xba I.
  • Seven distinct mtDNA types were identified, with an estimated nucleotide diversity of 0.0055.
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed at least two distinct clusters within the mtDNA of the examined dogs.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates significant mtDNA polymorphism in mongrel dogs, indicating genetic variation within the population.
  • Restriction enzyme analysis is effective for characterizing canine mtDNA diversity.
  • The identified mtDNA clusters suggest potential population substructure or evolutionary lineages.