Ca(2+)-cyclic AMP interactions in sustained cellular responses

As early as 1970 it was apparent that the cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca2+ messenger systems often interact to regulate cellular responses. Work over the past 20 years has greatly expanded our knowledge of these interactions, and has shown that these signalling systems interact in complex ways to regulate sustained cellular responses such as aldosterone secretion, smooth muscle contraction and insulin secretion. The latter system is considered in detail because it illustrates several types of interactions, both positive and negative, which help to determine the normal response of beta-cells to physiological stimuli, and how abnormalities in secretory patterns can develop as a consequence of the prolonged stimulation of a messenger system.