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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
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What is Cancer?

Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
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What is Cancer?02:12

What is Cancer?

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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
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Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells

Published on: June 24, 2014

Tuberculosis.

Thomas R Frieden1, Timothy R Sterling, Sonal S Munsiff

  • 1New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 10013, USA. tfrieden@health.nyc.gov

Lancet (London, England)
|September 19, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis remains a leading global killer, particularly in developing nations. Improved diagnosis, treatment strategies like DOTS, and future vaccines are crucial for control.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Global Health

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of death globally, causing nearly 2 million deaths annually.
  • Incidence is rising in Africa due to HIV and in the former Soviet Union from socioeconomic factors and healthcare decline.
  • Diagnosis relies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, but rapid sputum smear tests and molecular methods are vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of tuberculosis control worldwide.
  • To highlight challenges and progress in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.
  • To emphasize the need for continued efforts in vaccine development and treatment systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of global tuberculosis incidence, mortality, and treatment data.
  • Analysis of diagnostic techniques, including culture, sputum smear, and molecular methods.
  • Evaluation of treatment strategies, focusing on the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) approach.

Main Results:

  • Over 95% cure rates are achievable with multi-drug, 6-month treatment regimens.
  • Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) is the standard of care, yet only a third of global cases receive it.
  • Significant progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment over the past decade, but global targets remain unmet.

Conclusions:

  • Effective tuberculosis control requires systematic monitoring, improved case detection, and widespread adoption of DOTS.
  • While new vaccines are in development, enhanced treatment systems are essential for decades to come.
  • Controlling tuberculosis globally is imperative to reduce its impact on less-developed countries and mitigate risks in developed nations.