Analysis of the respiratory effects of cannabinoids in rats

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the respiratory effects of cannabinoids and their influence on cardiovascular homeostasis.In spontaneously breathing urethane-anaesthetised rats, intravenous injection of the two synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists WIN55212-2 and CP55940 strongly and dose-dependently lowered mean arterial pressure, heart rate and the plasma noradrenaline concentration. The cardiovascular depressive effects were associated with a large decrease in respiratory rate, hypoxia, hypercapnia and blood acidosis. All depressor effects of WIN55212-2 were abolished by the selective CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A. The bradycardia elicited by WIN55212-2 was inhibited by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist methylatropine. The natural agonist Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol also elicited cardiovascular and respiratory depression. In contrast, WIN55212-3, an enantiomer of WIN55212-2 lacking affinity for cannabinoid receptors, had no effect. The cannabinoid-evoked decreases in blood pressure and heart rate were much more pronounced in spontaneously breathing than in artificially ventilated urethane-anaesthetised rats. In contrast, the plasma noradrenaline concentration was lowered equally in both preparations. Our results show that activation of CB(1) cannabinoid receptors not only induces cardiovascular depression, but also markedly impairs ventilation. The second major finding of the present study is that the respiratory depression evoked by cannabinoids largely amplifies the cardiovascular depression.