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Pharmacological agents affecting emesis. A review (Part I)
1School of Pharmacology, Victorian College of Pharmacy (Monash University), Parkville, Australia.
Drugs
|March 1, 1992
Summary
Understanding the vomiting reflex and antiemetic drug mechanisms is crucial. Research highlights key neurotransmitter receptors and drug targets for managing nausea and vomiting effectively.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Pharmacology
Background:
- The vomiting reflex involves complex neuronal pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- Radiolabelled ligands and quantitative autoradiography have advanced the study of receptor subtypes involved in emesis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To elucidate the neuronal pathways and receptor subtypes implicated in various vomiting reflexes.
- To provide a basis for understanding the antiemetic actions of diverse pharmacological agents.
Main Methods:
- Utilized radiolabelled ligands selective for neurotransmitter receptors.
- Employed quantitative autoradiography to map receptor distribution.
- Reviewed existing literature on antiemetic drug mechanisms.
Main Results:
- Identified receptors for acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin in brain regions associated with vomiting.
- Demonstrated that drugs inhibiting these receptors have antiemetic effects.
- Highlighted that the mechanisms of action for some drugs like cannabinoids and dexamethasone remain unclear.
- Noted that some drugs, such as metoclopramide, act on multiple receptor subtypes (e.g., dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT3).
Conclusions:
- Receptor-specific drugs offer a rational approach to antiemesis.
- Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms of action for certain antiemetic agents.
- Targeting specific neurotransmitter receptors, like dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT3, is effective for managing chemotherapy-induced emesis.