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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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Regulation of the Digestive System01:25

Regulation of the Digestive System

Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
07:00

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Thyroid hormone differentially regulates rat intestinal brush border enzyme gene expression.

R A Hodin1, S M Chamberlain, M P Upton

  • 1Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Gastroenterology
|November 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine, T3) significantly impacts small intestine growth. T3 regulates brush border enzyme gene expression and causes villus hyperplasia, revealing its mechanism in intestinal development.

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Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine, T3) is crucial for mammalian small intestine growth and maturation.
  • The precise mechanisms by which T3 influences the small intestine remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of T3 on small intestine growth and differentiation using an animal model.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying T3's action on intestinal epithelium.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in adult rats using propylthiouracil and T3 injections.
  • Analysis of brush border enzyme gene expression (lactase, sucrase, intestinal alkaline phosphatase) via Northern blot.
  • Quantification of T3 receptor mRNA levels and histological examination of intestinal villi.

Main Results:

  • T3 significantly altered brush border enzyme mRNA levels, decreasing lactase by ~75% while leaving sucrase unchanged.
  • Intestinal alkaline phosphatase mRNA was upregulated by T3, particularly a 3-kilobase band in the jejunum.
  • T3 treatment induced marked villus hyperplasia throughout the small intestine and confirmed the presence of T3 receptors in the mucosa.

Conclusions:

  • T3 plays a critical role in regulating small intestine differentiation, specifically impacting brush border enzyme expression.
  • T3 influences intestinal growth through mechanisms involving villus hyperplasia and differential gene regulation.
  • The presence of T3 receptors in the intestinal mucosa supports its direct role in intestinal epithelial development.