Techniques for laparoscopic cholangiography and removal of common duct stones

As laparoscopic cholecystectomy becomes more prevalent, the unexpected finding of common duct stones by operative cholangiography presents a therapeutic dilemma for the surgeon. We present our current techniques for laparoscopic cholangiography and management of choledocholithiasis, including the use of angioplasty balloons for ampullary dilation.