Catabolism in mollicutes

The small genome size of mollicutes, and particularly mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas, precludes their possession of the extensive range of metabolic activities present in most other bacterial groups. Demonstrated catabolic activities appear primarily to be associated with energy generation, rather than the provision of substrates for synthetic pathways, and anabolism is largely dependent upon extracellular sources of amino acids, nucleic acid precursors and lipids. However, the pathways of energy generation in mollicutes are diverse and specialized, and may in vivo be dependent upon the presence of a single amino acid (arginine) or urea. Even in those species that utilize carbohydrates the range of substrates is restricted, and while Ac. laidlawii has both EMP and PP pathways and is able to oxidize pyruvate to acetate plus CO2, many mycoplasmas possess only a part of these activities. Such specialization and the infrequent demonstration of inducible enzyme activity in mollicutes implies adaptation to specific habitats in host species, and suggests that differences in the catabolic activities of mollicute strains may be significant in terms of their ecology and pathogenicity. The demonstrated energy-generating pathways of mollicutes produce low ATP yields. Thus, mollicute growth will generate relatively large quantities of metabolic end-products and may deplete host tissues of substrates. Arginine depletion may be of particular importance in pathogenesis and the close physical association between mollicutes and host cells will enhance the potential significance of NH4+ production from the hydrolysis of arginine and urea, and of H2O2 and superoxide formation during carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, lipid and protein catabolism may be associated with virulence where extracellular or membrane-bound enzyme activities exist. Membrane-bound DNAase and RNAase activities have also been demonstrated in mycoplasmas and Ac. laidlawii (Pollack et al., 1965) and U. urealyticum (Romano & La Licata, 1978). Many aspects of mollicute catabolism, including energy conservation in some groups, is poorly understood. Also, while substantial catabolic diversity has been demonstrated within mollicutes and new species are continually being isolated, metabolism has been studied in relatively few species, and even in these only single strains or small groups of strains have been used. In this review, therefore, an attempt to avoid generalizations concerning mollicute behaviour has been made. The lack of much basic knowledge concerning mollicute metabolism has also necessitated the widespread use of 'may be' and other equally vague terms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)