Quantification and excretion profiles of pteridines in primate urine

Biopterin, 6-hydroxymethyl-pterin, isoxanthopterin, neopterin and, pterin were quantified in stress-free collected spontaneous morning urine samples from Callithrix jacchus, Saguinus fuscicollis, Saguinus labiatus, Saimiri sciureus, Presbytis entellus, Cercopithecus albogularis, Cercocebus torquatus, Macaca fascicularis, Hylobates concolor, Pongo pygmaeus, and Gorilla gorilla. In most species, biopterin was the most frequent urinary pteridine followed by neopterin. Sex differences in biopterin and neopterin excretion were observed in Gorilla gorilla and Pongo pygmaeus. Pterin and isoxanthopterin were only present in minor concentrations. 6-hydroxymethyl-pterin was barely detectable and not present in the urine of Saguinus labiatus, Saimiri sciureus, and both male Gorilla gorilla and Pongo pygmaeus.