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Overview of the Heart

Overview of the Heart

The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
The heart's structure...

Chambers of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...

Development of the Heart

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Imaging Cleared Embryonic and Postnatal Hearts at Single-cell Resolution

Imaging Cleared Embryonic and Postnatal Hearts at Single-cell Resolution

Published on: October 7, 2016

Congenitally complete heart block. Developmental aspects.

R H Anderson, A C Wenick, T G Losekoot

|July 1, 1977

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital complete heart block arises from disruptions in the atrioventricular conduction system, with distinct types linked to embryonic development of the heart

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Embryology
Congenital Heart Disease
Cardiac Electrophysiology

Background:

Congenital complete heart block (CCHB) presents a spectrum of atrioventricular conduction defects.
Understanding the developmental origins of CCHB is crucial for accurate classification and management.

Observation:

Three cases of CCHB were analyzed, fitting Lev's categorization.
Observed defects included lack of atrial-conducting tissue communication and discontinuity of the atrioventricular bundle.

Findings:

Embryonic development suggests the anulus fibrosus originates from atrioventricular junctional sulcus tissue.
Endocardial cushions play a minimal role in atrial-ventricular separation during development.

Implications:

This developmental model explains the varied presentations of CCHB.
It also provides insight into the persistence of Mahaim fibers (nodo-ventricular and nodo-fascicular fibers).