Materia melanica: further dark thoughts

The view is advanced that melanogenesis arose evolutionarily as a detoxification pathway for intrinsically-generated orthoquinones. The primary impetus for the production of orthoquinones may have been their general antibiotic properties and the utility of these chemical species in forming covalent cross-links between proteins, as illustrated by cuticular sclerotization in insects. It is argued that polymerization to give rise to visible pigments may have originated as a pathway for the inactivation of orthoquinones. The possible evolutionary advantages accruing from the generation of melanin are discussed with special reference to acuity of photoreceptors and the physico-chemical properties of melanin, as well as the contribution of melanin to protective colouration or display.