Occupational biomechanics and low-back pain

The basic principles of biomechanics are introduced and explained as they relate to the field of ergonomics, especially regarding the lumbar spine. The discussion is organized into the following sections: biomechanics--an overview, spinal structures and loading, biomechanical basis for low-back pain, compressive strength of the lumbar spinal column, biomechanical models, intra-abdominal pressure, lifting technique, and practical applications. The conclusion lists nine guidelines for understanding the internal stresses placed on the lower back by lifting and thereby for avoiding low-back injuries in the workplace.