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Related Concept Videos

Self-Schemas02:16

Self-Schemas

In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
False Memories01:18

False Memories

False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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Self Within Cultural Contexts01:30

Self Within Cultural Contexts

Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...
Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other01:20

Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group effort.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

PLANARIA: MEMORY TRANSFER THROUGH CANNIBALISM REEXAMINED.

A L KARTRY, P KEITH-LEE, W D MORTON

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 9, 1964
    PubMed
    Summary

    Planaria that consumed untrained planaria learned faster in new situations. This suggests that cannibalism in planaria can transfer learned information, improving future conditioning.

    Area of Science:

    • * Planarian biology
    • * Behavioral neuroscience
    • * Learning and memory

    Background:

    • * Planaria are freshwater flatworms known for their remarkable regenerative abilities.
    • * Previous research has explored various forms of learning and memory in planaria.
    • * The potential for information transfer through consumption has not been extensively studied.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To investigate whether information acquired by untrained planaria can be transferred to cannibalistic planaria.
    • * To determine if prior exposure to stimuli (photic, handling, or conditioning) influences subsequent learning in cannibalistic planaria.
    • * To compare the learning efficiency of cannibalistic planaria with naive planaria.

    Main Methods:

    • * Groups of planaria were trained or exposed to specific stimuli (light, touch, or a conditioning paradigm).
    Keywords:
    CONDITIONING (PSYCHOLOGY)EXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDYHANDLING (PSYCHOLOGY)MEMORYTRANSFER (PSYCHOLOGY)TURBELLARIA

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    Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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    04:56

    Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

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  • * Other planaria consumed the trained/exposed planaria.
  • * Both cannibalistic and naive planaria were then subjected to a new conditioning situation, and the number of trials required for learning was recorded.

    • Main Results:

    • * Planaria that cannibalized previously trained or exposed planaria required significantly fewer trials to learn in a new conditioning situation compared to naive planaria.
    • * The type of prior exposure (photic stimuli, handling, or conditioning) did not significantly alter the benefit gained from cannibalism.
    • * This indicates a robust transfer of learned information via cannibalism.

    Conclusions:

    • * Cannibalism in planaria serves as a mechanism for transferring learned information.
    • * This phenomenon enhances the learning capacity of the consuming planaria, reducing the trials needed for new conditioning.
    • * The findings provide novel insights into non-neural information transfer and memory mechanisms in planaria.