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Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Processes of Self-Presentation01:29

Processes of Self-Presentation

Effective self-presentation is a central component of social interaction and identity construction. It relies on the dynamic processes of defining the situation and engaging in self-disclosure. These mechanisms help individuals navigate social context expectations and manage how others perceive them, fostering mutual understanding and relationship development.Defining the SituationSocial situations are shaped by collectively understood frames—a set of widely understood rules or conventions...
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
Self-Serving Bias01:29

Self-Serving Bias

Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
06:45

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

SELF-PRESENTATION AND SELF-TERMINATION OF A CONFLICT-PRODUCING STIMULUS.

E HEARST, M B KORESKO

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 16, 1964
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Rats learned to control stimuli paired with rewards and punishments, showing frequent switching between conditions. This behavior provides a new way to measure how animals respond to mixed outcomes.

    Keywords:
    BEHAVIOR, ANIMALEXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDYRATSREWARDSELF STIMULATION

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    Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

    Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
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    05:22

    Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

    Published on: May 9, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral Neuroscience
    • Animal Behavior
    • Operant Conditioning

    Background:

    • Understanding decision-making under conditions of uncertainty is crucial.
    • Previous research often used simpler reward or punishment paradigms.
    • A need exists for methods that capture complex, dynamic behavioral responses to mixed outcomes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a novel experimental method for studying animal behavior.
    • To quantify oscillatory behavior in response to stimuli associated with both rewards and punishments.
    • To assess the sensitivity of this method to changes in environmental and internal factors.

    Main Methods:

    • Rats were trained to press a lever to control the presentation of a stimulus.
    • The stimulus was intermittently associated with both positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative reinforcement (punishments).
    • Continuous quantitative data on lever pressing and condition switching were recorded.

    Main Results:

    • Subjects actively initiated and terminated the stimulus, spending time in both stimulus-on and stimulus-off states.
    • Frequent oscillations between the two conditions were observed, indicating dynamic decision-making.
    • Behavioral patterns were sensitive to variations in shock intensity, food deprivation, and reward/punishment ratios.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method provides a robust, quantitative measure of oscillatory behavior in rats.
    • This paradigm effectively models complex decision-making when faced with mixed outcomes.
    • The findings highlight the utility of this method for future research in behavioral neuroscience and pharmacology.