Musicians and temporomandibular disorders: prevalence and occupational etiologic considerations

Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) appears to be a significant problem affecting musicians. While the incidence of TMD symptoms for musicians is similar to that of the general population, these symptoms are activated and accentuated when performing or practicing. TMD symptoms appear to be significant in trombone, trumpet, tuba, violin, and viola musicians. It is the author's opinion that vocalists are also significantly affected by TMD. Preliminary results of a survey in progress relative to TMD and the singing voice are reported.