Endothelins and sarafotoxins: physiological regulation, receptor subtypes and transmembrane signaling

The endothelins and sarafotoxins are two structurally related families of potent vasoactive peptides. Although the physiological functions of these peptides are not entirely clear, the endothelins are probably involved in pathophysiological conditions such as hypertension and heart failure. This review summarizes the state of the art in some areas of this intensively studied subject, including: (1) structure-function relationships of ET/SRTX, (2) ET concentrations in plasma, (3) ET/SRTX receptor subtypes and (4) signaling events mediated by the activation of ET/SRTX receptors.