An approach to the management of tuberculosis in HIV endemic areas

The epidemic of HIV-associated tuberculosis is having a severe impact on tuberculosis control in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the United States of America, and is expected to spread. Where facilities are limited, the association between HIV and sputum-smear negative tuberculosis hampers diagnosis; trials of anti-tuberculous therapy are indicated in some cases. Standard treatment regimens are effective, but thiacetazone should be avoided because of its association with severe, cutaneous adverse reactions. Treatment may have to be prolonged in HIV positive cases. Measures to maximize compliance with therapy are paramount. These include the use of the shortest possible regimens, of recognized potency, and emphasis on ensuring that the regimen is understood by and readily accessible to the patient.