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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

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Published on: September 25, 2013

Common human viruses as carcinogen vectors.

C M MARTIN, S MAGNUSSON, P J GOSCIENSKI

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|December 15, 1961

Summary

Viruses can help small amounts of carcinogens cause tumors in mice. Preventing the viral infection stopped tumor growth, showing a link between viruses and cancer development.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Virology
Carcinogenesis

Background:

Carcinogens are agents known to cause cancer.
Viruses can play a role in disease development.
The interaction between viruses and carcinogens requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the synergistic effect of viruses and carcinogens on tumor formation.
To determine if viral activity is necessary for carcinogen-induced tumors.

Main Methods:

Male Swiss mice were administered single doses of carcinogens and viruses.
Tumor development was monitored in mice exposed to carcinogen-virus pairs.
Mice were pre-immunized against specific viruses to assess the role of viral immunity.

Keywords:

CARCINOGENS VIRUSES

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Main Results:

Malignant tumors developed in mice exposed to five specific carcinogen-virus combinations.
Tumor formation was prevented in mice immunized against the respective viruses.
In vitro studies demonstrated poliovirus 2 binding to carcinogens.

Conclusions:

Viruses can act as co-factors in carcinogen-induced tumor formation.
Viral presence and activity are critical for the observed synergistic oncogenic effect.
Targeting viral components may offer a strategy to prevent carcinogen-induced cancers.