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Related Concept Videos

Internal and External Forces01:12

Internal and External Forces

Newton's first law states that a net external force causes a change in motion. External forces act on an object or system, originating outside of the object or system. In contrast, internal forces originate inside the system of interest and do not lead to any acceleration. In simpler words, internal forces are forces that act on one part of an object and are exerted by another part of the same object. External forces are forces that act on an object due to some other object. Therefore, when...
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Moment of a Force: Problem Solving

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Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

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Design Example: Frog Muscle Response01:14

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Non-Verbal Cues01:29

Non-Verbal Cues

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

Exteroceptive cueing of response force.

J M NOTTERMAN, D E MINTZ

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |March 23, 1962
    PubMed
    Summary

    Rats learned to control their bar-pressing force to earn food rewards. Different light cues signaled which force range was required for reinforcement.

    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral neuroscience
    • Animal behavior

    Background:

    • Operant conditioning principles
    • Response force modulation

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate reinforcement control over response force
    • Examine stimulus control of differentiated response force

    Main Methods:

    • Rats reinforced for bar-pressing within specific peak force bands (5-10g, 15-20g)
    • Exteroceptive stimuli (lights) signaled the required force band

    Main Results:

    • Peak response force generally conformed to reinforcement requirements
    • Stimulus values effectively controlled differentiated response force distributions

    Conclusions:

    Keywords:
    BEHAVIOR

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    • Reinforcement schedules can precisely shape response force
    • External stimuli can guide specific force modulations in bar-pressing tasks