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Fluoride in UK rivers.

Colin Neal1, Margaret Neal, Helen Davies

  • 1Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon., OX10 8BB, UK. cn@ceh.ac.uk

The Science of the Total Environment
|September 23, 2003
PubMed
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Fluoride levels in UK rivers vary widely, with industrial areas showing higher concentrations. Sewage input and bedrock geology influence fluoride levels, while calcium may limit peak concentrations.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Hydrogeology
  • Water Quality Assessment

Background:

  • Fluoride concentrations in UK rivers are not well-documented, particularly in upland areas.
  • Previous studies have provided limited data on fluoride distribution in major river systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe fluoride concentrations in eastern UK rivers using data from the Land-Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) and the Environment Agency (EA).
  • To identify sources and controls on fluoride levels in riverine environments.
  • To compare fluoride levels in different river types and geographical areas.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing datasets from LOIS and EA on fluoride concentrations in rivers.
  • Statistical analysis of fluoride data, including mean, median, and range calculations.

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  • Correlation analysis with other determinands (e.g., boron, barium, flow) and geological factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Fluoride concentrations in eastern UK rivers ranged from <0.01 to >10 mg l⁻¹, with mean concentrations varying significantly.
    • Highest fluoride levels were observed in industrialised and urbanised basins (Don and Trent), linked to point source inputs like sewage.
    • Upland areas showed generally low fluoride concentrations (<0.1 mg l⁻¹), while headwaters had lower levels than main rivers.

    Conclusions:

    • Point source inputs, particularly sewage, are significant contributors to elevated fluoride levels in rivers.
    • Bedrock geology, specifically vein mineralisation, also plays a role in supplying fluoride, as indicated by correlations with barium.
    • A negative upper bound between fluoride and calcium suggests physical or solubility controls limiting maximum fluoride concentrations in contaminated rivers.