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Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia.

Robert Alexander Weale1

  • 1Age Concern Institute of Gerontology, King's College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|September 23, 2003
PubMed
Summary

This study examines epidemiological factors influencing refractive errors, highlighting prematurity, genetics, and age-related changes like increased anisometropia in presbyopes. It also explores myopia prevention and presbyopia links to accommodation.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Existing epidemiological studies on refractive errors face limitations due to technical and statistical challenges.
  • Early ocular parameters, such as prematurity, may influence refractive development.
  • Familial and genetic factors play a role in refractive error progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the epidemiological aspects of refraction.
  • To investigate age-specific influences on refractive errors, separating infants/toddlers from schoolchildren/teenagers.
  • To examine the relationship between refractive errors, ocular pathologies, and potential prevention strategies for myopia and presbyopia.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing literature on refractive error epidemiology.

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  • Stratification of age groups (infants/toddlers, schoolchildren/teenagers, presbyopes).
  • Consideration of demographic factors including sex and geographical distribution.

    • Main Results:

    • Prematurity identified as a potential early influence on refraction.
    • Anisometropia significantly increases among presbyopes, a novel finding.
    • Refractive errors are linked to ocular pathologies; early myopia prevention strategies are discussed.

    Conclusions:

    • Refractive error epidemiology is complex, influenced by genetics, environment, and age.
    • Anisometropia progression in presbyopia warrants further investigation.
    • Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective myopia and presbyopia management strategies.