Modulation of Graves' disease autoantibody stimulation of recombinant human thyrotrophin receptor

The cAMP response of porcine thyrocytes to the immunoglobulin (Ig) fraction from Graves' sera is increased if these fractions are prepared with higher than usual concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG; 22.5% rather than 13.5%), leading to the suggestion that additional factors might exist in serum which influence the ability of autoantibodies to stimulate thyroid cells.

We characterised the stimulatory activity of fractions prepared by differential PEG precipitation of Graves' sera, using heterologous eukaryotic cells expressing recombinant human thyrotrophin (TSH) receptor.

We found no evidence that material soluble in 13.5% PEG but precipitated by 22.5% PEG was stimulatory either on its own or in combination with the immunoglobulin-containing material precipitated by 13.5% PEG. Indeed, the stimulatory effect was reproduced by simply including low concentrations of PEG (1-4%) in the diluted sera from the majority of Graves' patients (12/18 tested) added to the target cells. Intriguingly, PEG had no effect on basal levels, with normal sera or stimulation by thyrotrophin.

The increase in stimulation reported when using immunoglobulins prepared with higher concentrations of PEG is attributable to a direct effect of the extra PEG (which had not been removed from the preparations) during the stimulation of the cells. Because the effect is observed with recombinant heterologous cells, it must be caused by interaction between PEG and the autoantibodies and/or the receptor-it cannot involve any other thyroid-specific molecule, although an involvement of other molecules widely distributed on many cell types is possible.