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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

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Related Experiment Video

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Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
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Published on: February 16, 2015

Apoptosis: a process with a (beta)NAC for complexity.

Shai Shaham1

  • 1Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.

Cell
|September 25, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new inhibitor of programmed cell death in C. elegans, called icd-1. Loss of icd-1 promotes apoptosis independently of the key ced-3 caspase, revealing a new cell death pathway.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
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Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor
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Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is crucial for development and tissue homeostasis.
  • In the nematode C. elegans, apoptosis is primarily regulated by the ced-3 caspase.
  • Understanding alternative cell death pathways is essential for a complete picture of apoptosis regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel regulators of programmed cell death in C. elegans.
  • To investigate mechanisms of apoptosis that operate independently of ced-3 caspase activity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetic screens in C. elegans to identify mutations affecting cell death.
  • Performed molecular and cellular analyses to characterize the function of identified genes.
  • Investigated the genetic interactions between the novel gene and known apoptosis regulators.

Main Results:

  • Identified and characterized a new gene, icd-1, which encodes a death inhibitor.
  • Demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations in icd-1 promote apoptosis.
  • Showed that icd-1-mediated apoptosis occurs independently of ced-3 caspase activity.

Conclusions:

  • icd-1 is a novel inhibitor of programmed cell death in C. elegans.
  • A ced-3-independent apoptotic pathway exists in C. elegans, regulated by icd-1.
  • This discovery expands our understanding of the complex regulation of apoptosis.