Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 31, 2026
Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia
Published on: January 31, 2025
Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study
Battista Borghi1, Francesca Stagni, Stefano Bugamelli
1Department of Anesthesiology, IRCCS Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
Study Objective:
To evaluate the onset time, success rate, and recovery profile of unilateral spinal anesthesia produced with 4 mg, 6 mg, and 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine.
Design:
Prospective, randomized, blinded study.
Setting:
Outpatient anesthesia unit at a University Hospital.
Patients:
90 ASA physical status I and II outpatients, who were scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy.
Interventions:
After standard intravenous midazolam premedication (0.05 mg/kg) and crystalloid infusion (7 mL/kg) were given, patients were placed in the lateral decubitus position on the operative side, and randomly allocated to receive spinal block with either 4 mg (Group 4, n = 30), 6 mg (Group 6, n = 30), or 8 mg (Group 8, n = 30) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine injected slowly (3 mL/min) with the needle orifice directed toward the dependent side using a 25-gauge Whitacre needle. The lateral decubitus position was maintained for 15 minutes.
Measurements And Main Results:
The onset time of surgical block was 13 +/- 5 minutes in Group 4 and 10 +/- 4 minutes in Group 6 (p = 0.006), and 9 +/- 4 minutes in Group 8 (p = 0.002). The maximum level of sensory block on the operative and nonoperative sides was, respectively, T(10) (T(12)-T(6)) and / (/-L(2)) in Group 4 (p = 0.0005), T(8) (T(12)-T(6)) and / (/-L(5)) in Group 6 (p = 0.0005), and T(7) (T(12)-T(5)) and / (/-T(10)) in Group 8 (p = 0.0005). A strictly unilateral sensory block was observed in 27 Group 4 patients (90%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%) and 23 Group 8 patients (77%) (p = 0.28). Complete unilateral motor block was observed in 29 Group 4 patients (97%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%), and 28 Group 8 patients (93%) (p = 0.80). No failed blocks were reported. Complete regression of spinal anesthesia required 71 +/- 20 minutes in Group 4 (range: 40 to 110 min), 82 +/- 25 minutes in Group 6 (range: 30 to 160 min), and 97 +/- 37 minutes in Group 8 (range: 50 to 120 min) (p = 0.003).
Conclusions:
Hyperbaric bupivacaine 4 mg injected slowly through pencil-point directional needles in patients who are maintained in the lateral decubitus position for 15 minutes provided a surgical block that was mostly restricted to the operative side and adequate to perform knee arthroscopy, with a faster recovery profile than when a 6 mg or 8 mg dose was used.
