Hematopoietic NF-kappaB1 deficiency results in small atherosclerotic lesions with an inflammatory phenotype

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the vessel wall. One of the major transcription factors in inflammation is nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), and we have studied its role in the development of atherosclerosis. Bone marrow from mice targeted in the NF-kappaB1 gene encoding for the p50 subunit was used to reconstitute irradiated LDLR(-/-) mice as a model for atherosclerosis. After feeding the mice a high-fat diet, those deficient in NF-kappaB1 had a 41% lower rate of atherosclerosis than control mice, as judged by the sizes of the lesions. Furthermore, in the absence of NF-kappaB1, the lesions were characterized by an inflammatory phenotype, contained increased numbers of small cells, and were almost devoid of normal foam cells. In vitro studies using bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages showed that macrophages lacking p50 had a prolonged production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and other cytokines were also affected. Interestingly, the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was greatly reduced in activated p50-deficient macrophages, probably because of a reduction in the expression of scavenger receptor class A. The effects on atherosclerosis might have resulted from the changes in cytokine production and the uptake of modified lipoproteins, making p50 a pivotal regulator of atherogenesis.