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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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In vivo gene expression: DNA electrotransfer.

Ann E O Trezise1, Luis Palazon, Wayne L Davies

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. ann.trezise@uq.edu.au

Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics
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Electrotransfer uses electric pulses for in vivo delivery of therapeutic molecules like DNA and RNA. This versatile technique shows promise across numerous organs for various medical research and clinical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • In vivo electrotransfer is an emerging technique for delivering therapeutic molecules.
  • It facilitates the delivery of diverse agents including drugs, proteins, oligonucleotides, RNA, and DNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles, applications, and organ targets of in vivo electrotransfer.
  • To highlight the potential of electrotransfer in research and clinical settings.

Main Methods:

  • Optimization of electrotransfer involves parameters like organ accessibility, cell turnover, electrode design, and pulsing protocols.
  • Successful transfection has been demonstrated in multiple organs including skin, liver, muscle, and brain.

Main Results:

  • Electrotransfer enables the delivery of a broad spectrum of therapeutic agents.
  • Numerous organs have been successfully transfected using electroporation.
  • The technology is applicable to cancer therapy, immune modulation, and gene expression studies.

Conclusions:

  • In vivo electrotransfer is a versatile and promising technology for therapeutic molecule delivery.
  • Its ability to deliver large DNA constructs broadens its research and clinical utility.