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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild...
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild...
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Preparation and 3D Tracking of Catalytic Swimming Devices
06:50

Preparation and 3D Tracking of Catalytic Swimming Devices

Published on: July 1, 2016

Chemistry. Toward vibrational mode control in catalysis.

A C Luntz1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark. acluntz@pacbell.net

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 4, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Vibrational excitation of molecular bonds can control chemical reactions. This study shows vibrational control is possible for surface catalytic reactions, influencing methane dissociation on nickel.

Area of Science:

  • Surface chemistry and catalysis
  • Molecular dynamics and spectroscopy

Background:

  • Vibrational excitations enhance reactivity in gas-phase reactions.
  • Controlling molecular bond vibrations is key to directing chemical transformations.

Discussion:

  • Beck et al. demonstrate vibrational control in surface catalysis.
  • Deuterated methane molecules with similar energies show different dissociation probabilities on a nickel surface.
  • This suggests vibrational states, not just total energy, dictate surface reaction outcomes.

Key Insights:

  • Vibrational state control is achievable for surface-catalyzed reactions.
  • Molecular bond excitation can steer catalytic pathways.
  • Specific vibrational modes influence methane dissociation on nickel catalysts.

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

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Outlook:

  • Potential for designing highly selective catalytic processes.
  • Further exploration of vibrational control in heterogeneous catalysis.
  • New avenues for manipulating chemical reactions at surfaces.