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Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection
Published on: October 11, 2014
Kidney transplants, antibodies and rejection: is C4d a magic marker?
Volker Nickeleit1, Michael J Mihatsch
1Nephropathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA. volker_nickeleit@med.unc.edu
Abstract:
The immunohistochemical detection of the complement degradation product C4d in renal allograft biopsies has gained considerable clinical interest in recent years. The accumulation of C4d along peritubular capillaries is generally regarded as a marker for an antibody-mediated allo-response and is associated with poor graft survival. The aim of this review is to discuss histological findings associated with the deposition of C4d. Emphasis is placed on diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Unanswered questions regarding C4d and graft injury are highlighted.
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