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Related Concept Videos

Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
Introduction to Functional Groups02:08

Introduction to Functional Groups


Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry. (The...
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
11:27

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

[(Th2F5)(NC7H5O4)2(H2O)][NO3]: an actinide-organic open framework.

Jong-Young Kim1, Alexander J Norquist, Dermot O'Hare

  • 1Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 16, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created the first 3D actinide-organic framework using thorium. This novel material connects thorium oxyfluoride chains with organic linkers, forming a robust network structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Actinide-based materials are crucial for nuclear energy and waste management.
  • Developing novel framework structures with actinides presents unique challenges due to their complex chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the first three-dimensionally connected actinide-organic framework.
  • To explore the structural properties and potential applications of novel thorium-based materials.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystal structure.
  • Chemical synthesis techniques were employed to obtain the target compound.

Main Results:

  • The first 3D actinide-organic framework, [(Th2F5)(NC7H5O4)2(H2O)][NO3], was successfully synthesized.
  • The structure features thorium oxyfluoride chains linked by pyridinedicarboxylate groups, forming a 3D network with nitrate anions in the cavities.

Conclusions:

  • This work establishes a new class of actinide-organic framework materials.
  • The unique 3D structure offers potential for applications in areas like gas storage or catalysis.