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Modelling cartilage mechanobiology.

Dennis R Carter1, Marcy Wong

  • 1Biomechanical Engineering Division, Mechanical Engineering Department, 215 Durand Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. dcarter@stanford.edu

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|October 17, 2003
PubMed
Summary
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Mechanical cues from physical activity regulate cartilage development. Finite element analysis shows hydrostatic pressure maintains cartilage, while tensile strain promotes growth and ossification, consistent with experimental findings.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Cartilage growth, maintenance, and ossification are crucial for skeletal development.
  • Mechanical cues from physical activity significantly influence these processes throughout life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of local tissue mechanics in endochondral ossification, skeletal morphology, and articular cartilage thickness distribution using finite element analysis.
  • To compare the predictions of single-phase and poroelastic (biphasic) models for cartilage mechanobiology.

Main Methods:

  • Finite element computer analyses were employed to simulate mechanical cues on cartilage.
  • Single-phase continuum and poroelastic (biphasic) solid/fluid models were utilized to represent cartilage tissue.

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  • Model predictions were compared with in vitro cell and tissue experiments.

    • Main Results:

    • Single-phase models indicated that intermittent hydrostatic pressure promotes cartilage maintenance.
    • Cyclic tensile strains were shown to promote cartilage growth and ossification.
    • Poroelastic models revealed that cyclic fluid pressure maintains the phenotype in deep cartilage layers, while superficial layers experience fluid exudation, matrix consolidation, and altered cell morphology due to tangential tensile strain.

    Conclusions:

    • Computational models of cartilage mechanobiology align with experimental observations.
    • Different mechanical stimuli (hydrostatic pressure vs. tensile strain) differentially regulate cartilage maintenance, growth, and ossification.
    • Poroelastic models provide a more comprehensive understanding of fluid dynamics and cell behavior in articular cartilage under mechanical loading.